1 Charge & current
Electric charge is measured in coulombs; current I is charge flow per second (amperes). Voltage is energy per unit charge (volts). Conventional current flows from + to −.
Charge, circuits, fields and induction — the physics behind all electrical engineering.
Electric charge is measured in coulombs; current I is charge flow per second (amperes). Voltage is energy per unit charge (volts). Conventional current flows from + to −.
Ohm's law: V = IR. Power P = VI = I²R. In series, resistances add (R = R₁+R₂) and current is shared; in parallel, 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ and voltage is shared.
Charges create electric fields; moving charges create magnetic fields. A current-carrying wire in a magnetic field feels a force (the motor effect) — the basis of electric motors and loudspeakers.
Faraday's law: a changing magnetic flux induces a voltage. This powers generators, transformers and inductive charging. Lenz's law states the induced current opposes the change that caused it — a consequence of energy conservation.
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